Ivugurura rya Mpox ku Isi n'Isuzumabumenyi Rihanitse

1. Amakuru agezweho ku cyorezo cya Mpox ku isi (kuva muri Werurwe 2026)

Mpox, iterwa na virusi ya Monkeypox (MPXV), ikomeje kuba ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima rusange ku isi nubwo Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima (WHO) wahagaritse kwitwa ikibazo cyihutirwa cy’ubuzima rusange ku isi (PHEIC). Gukomeza kwanduzanya mu turere twinshi bigaragaza ko ari ngombwaigenzura rihoraho n'ubushobozi bwo gusuzuma indwara buhanitse.

Kuva icyorezo cyatangira mu 2022, abantu bagera ku 128.000 bemejwe muri laboratwari n'abapfuye 281 bagaragaye mu bihugu birenga 130 [1]. Mu 2025 honyine, abantu 50.751 bemejwe ko banduye n'abapfuye 206 bagaragaye mu bihugu 96, aho abarenga 90% by'abanduye bagaragaye muri Afurika. Ikigaragara ni uko Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, Sierra Leone na Uganda byagaragaye ko ari byo byanduye abantu bagera ku 32.000, ibi bikaba bigaragaza ko hari umubare munini w'abanduye mu turere twanduye [1].

Ibice byose bikomeye bya MPXV (Ia, Ib, na II) bikomeje gukwirakwira. Kugaragara no gukwirakwira kwa Clade Ib ku rwego mpuzamahanga—harimo no kumenyekana bwa mbere muri Repubulika ya Tchèque, Isirayeli, Madagasikari, na Nepal—hamwe n'ibyatangajwe mu miryango mu Bufaransa, mu Butaliyani no muri Esipanye, bigaragazaImiterere y'ihererekanyamakuru igenda ihinduka[1].

2. Ibimenyetso by'ubuvuzi n'imbogamizi zo gusuzuma indwara

Mpox igaragaza ibimenyetso bitandukanye by’uburwayi, kuva ku kwandura bidatanga ibimenyetso kugeza ku ndwara zikomeye z’umubiri. Ibimenyetso bisanzwe birimoumuriro, kuribwa umutwe, indwara ya lymphadenopathy, myalgia, n'umunaniron'ibindi.Uduheri twihariye tugenda duhinduka binyuze muintambwe zo mu macular, papular, vesicular, na pustular mbere yo gushwanyagurika, kandi bishobora kuba bikubiyemomu maso, ku maguru, mu kanwa, no mu bice by'imyanya.

Nubwo abarwayi benshi bigabanya ubwandu mu byumweru 2-4, ingaruka mbi zishobora kubaho cyane mu baturage batishoboye, harimoimpinja, abagore batwite, n'abantu bafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri budafite ubushobozi bwo kuvura(urugero, ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA bugeze kure) [2].

Kugaragara cyane kw'abantu badafite ibimenyetso bidasanzwe n'abataragaragaza ibimenyetso bidasanzwe, harimo n'abantu badafite ibimenyetso bifatika, biteza imbogamizi zikomeye mu gusuzuma indwara. Ibi bigaragaza akamaro gakomeye kogusuzuma indwara byihuse cyane, byihariye kandi byihuse kugira ngo bifashe mu kubimenya hakiri kare no guhagarika imiyoboro yo kwanduzanya.

3. Gukumira, Kugenzura, n'Uruhare rwo Gusuzuma

Kwanduzanya kwa MPXV bibaho binyuze mu nzira nyinshi, harimo gukorana n'ibisebe cyangwa amazi yo mu mubiri, ibitonyanga by'ubuhumekero mu gihe cy'igihe kirekire cyo kuba hafi, kwanduzanya mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, fomite zanduye, no kwanduzanya mu buryo buhagaze.

Ingamba z'ingenzi zo kugenzura zirimo:

• -Gutahura vuba no gushyira mu kato abanduye
• -Gukurikirana abahuye n'ibyago no gukurikirana abaturage
• -Itumanaho ry'ibyago n'uburyo bwo gufata ingamba mu myitwarire
• -Gukingirwa mbere na nyuma yo guhura n'ikibazo

OMS ishimangira akamaro ko kongera ubushobozi bwa laboratwari no gushyira mu bikorwaibikoresho bikwiye byo gusuzuma byagenewe urwego rw'ubuvuzi rutandukanye—kuva ku gupima byihuse kugeza ku mbuga zo kugenzura genome zihuriweho[1].

4. Isuzumabumenyi rya Macro na Micro: Ibisubizo by'Ubuvuzi Buhuriweho Bishingiye ku Guhanga mu Ikoranabuhanga

Mu gihe cy’impinduka mu mikorere y’indwara za mpox, Macro & Micro-Test yateguye porogaramu yuzuye kandi ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye, igaragaza ubushobozi bukomeye mu gushushanya ibizamini, ubuhanga mu gupima, no mu guhindura ibintu.

4.1 Isuzuma ryihuse ry’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri: Isuzuma ry’ahantu ho kwitabwaho

Isosiyete itanga uburyo bwo gupima vuba kandi nta bikoresho bikoreshwa mu gihe cy'iminota 10-20, ishyigikira ibizamini byo mu bwoko bwa “decentralized tests” no gusuzuma mu buryo bunini:

• Agakoresho ko Gupima Antigen (HWTS-OT079):
  • Gufata ingero zoroshye (amazi y'ibisebe/agatambaro ko mu kanwa, serum)
  • Aho bigarukira mu kumenyekana (LoD): 20 pg/mL
  • Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza amakuru mu buryo bwagutse (Clade I & II)
  • Nta guhuza ibikorwa hamwebisavirusi
  • Amasezerano rusange ku ijana (OPA): 96.4% ugereranije n'ibizamini byo kongera aside nukleiki (NAATs)
• Agakoresho ko Gupima Ubudahangarwa bwa IgM/IgG (HWTS-OT145):
  • Gufata ingero byoroshye (amaraso yose, serum, plasma)
  • Igaragaza IgM na IgG kugira ngo imenye ibyiciro byo kwandura kwa Mpox
  • Bikwiriye gukorwa mu bushakashatsi ku ndwara za kanseri y'ibibyimba

Ibi bipimo binogeye kugira ngo bigire ubusugire (4–30°C, amezi 24), bikemura ibibazo by’ibikoresho mu miterere y’ibikoresho bike.

4.2 Ingufu zo Gupima Isothermal (EPIA): Gupima Molecular mu buryo bwihuse cyane

Agakoresho ko gupima aside nucleic ka EPIA (HWTS-OT200) kagaragaza iterambere rikomeye mu gusuzuma vuba molekile:

• LoD: kopi 200/mL (igereranywa na qPCR)
• Igihe cyo kugera ku byiza: vuba nk'iminota 5
• Isuzuma ry’igihe cyose rikorwa hakoreshejwe module zigenga za Easy Amp System
• Ifuru ikoze muri Lyophilized ituma ububiko bw'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba bubikwa
• Imikorere y'ubuvuzi: (PPA: 100%, NPA: 100%, OPA: 100%) (Kappa = 1.000)

Icy'ingenzi ni uko isuzuma ritagaragaza uburyo bwo guhuza virusi za orthopox (inkorora, urukingo, inkoko) cyangwa virusi zisanzwe za herpes (HSV, VZV), bigaragaza ubuhanga bwo gusesengura cyane.

4.3 Fluorescence qPCR: Ubuvuzi bw’indwara ziterwa n’ubwonko bukabije, buzwi na OMS

Porogaramu ya Macro & Micro-Test igaragaza ko ikurikiza amahame mpuzamahanga kandi ikanagaragaza ko ikora neza:

• HWTS-OT071 (OMS-yashyizwe ku rutonde rwa EUL):
  • Igishushanyo mbonera gifite intego ebyiri gishimangira ko gikomeye cyane
  • LoD: kopi 200/mL
  • Gufata ingero zoroheje z'amazi y'ibihumyo, agapfukamunwa ko mu muhogo na serum
  • Ubwihariye bwo hejuru budafite uburyo bwo guhuza ibikorwa hamwesvirusi ya mallpox, virusi y'inkingo, virusi ya cowpox, virusi ya mousepox, virusi ya herpes simplex, virusi ya varicella-zoster, na genome y'umuntu, n'ibindi..
  • Imikorere y'ubuvuzi: PPA 100%, NPA 99.40%, OPA 99.64% ugereranije n'uburyo bwo gukurikirana
• Kit ya qPCR yumye mu buryo bukonje (HWTS-OT078):
  
  • Bikuraho kwishingikiriza ku muyoboro w'amazi mu gihe bikomeza gukora neza
  • Kit yo Gusuzuma ya Orthopox Universal (HWTS-OT072):
    • Gusuzuma icyarimwe virusi enye za orthopox ku bantu(Harimo na Mpox)
    • LoD: kopi 200/mL
    • Ubwinshi buhanitse budafite ingaruka ku mikorere hamwe n'udukoko dutera indwara zisa
    • Bigabanya ibyago byo gusuzuma nabi kandi bikongera ubushobozi bwo kubona ibimenyetso bitandukanye
    • Virusi ya MonkeypoxImashini yo kwandika (HWTS-OT201):
      • Ituma habaho itandukaniro ryimbitse hagati ya Clade I na Clade II
      • LoD: kopi 200/mL
      • Ni ngombwa cyane mu gukurikirana ibyorezo no gukora iperereza ku icyorezo

  4.4 Gukurikirana Genome Yuzuye: Gufasha Gukurikirana Genome no Gukurikirana Impinduka

  Isuzuma rya Macro & Micro-Test rigaragaza ubushobozi buhanitse mu bumenyi bw’ibinyabuzima binyuze mu buryo bwo gukurikirana imiterere yabyo ya genome yose:

  • Inkendeindwara y'impeshyiKit ya Virusi ya Universal Genome yose (Multi-PCR NGS) (HWTS-TW0042):
    • Igihe cyo guhindura: amasaha 6–8
    • ≥98% by'ubwinshi bwa genome (Ct ≤32)
    • Guhuza neza n'ibintu byinshi2^nd na 3^rd inkomokourubuga rwo gukurikirana ibintu(ONT, Qi Carbone, Salus, Illumina, MGI…)
    • Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihuta cyaneInkendeindwara y'impeshyiVirusi Gupima imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'umubiri woseIbikoresho (Illumina/MGI) (HWTS-TW0041/0043):
      • Igipimo cyo gutahura: Ct ≤35
      • Igishushanyo mbonera cy'inyubako y'imbere ifite ubucucike bwinshi (1,448)amapari ya 200bpamplicons)
      • Yemejwe n'ibipimo birenga 400 by'ubuvuzi
      • Fguhuza neza na byinshi2^nd inkomokourubuga rwo gukurikirana ibintu(Qi Carbone, Salus, Illumina, MGI…)

   
  

  Imibare y'ubuvuzi ku isesengura ry'imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'umubiri w'agakoko ka Mpox Virus

  

  Uburyo bwo gukurikirana imiterere y'ingirabuzimafatizo za virusi ya Mpox

  Izi kit za Mpox WGS zishyigikira imiterere y’indwara za genome mu buryo bwo hejuru, harimo gukurikirana impinduka mu miterere y’ibinyabuzima, igenamigambi ry’uburyo indwara zandura, n’isesengura ry’ubwihindurize bw’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye.

  5. Umwanzuro: Guteza imbere igenzura rya Mpox ku isi binyuze mu buhanga mu bya siyansi

  Gukomeza gutembera kw'isi yose no gukwirakwiza ubwoko butandukanye bwa MPXV bisaba ingamba zo gusuzuma indwara mu byiciro byinshi zirimo gusuzuma byihuse, gupima molekile, no kugenzura genomike.

  Uburyo bwose bwo gusuzuma bwa Macro & Micro-Test bugaragaza udushya twinshi mu bya siyansi mu nzego zitandukanye z'ikoranabuhanga, harimo isuzuma ry'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya isothermal, PCR mu gihe nyacyo, no gukurikirana ibisekuruza bishya. Ibi bisubizo ntibisubiza gusa ku bikenewe mu buvuzi n'ubuzima rusange, ahubwo binahuza n'amahame mpuzamahanga n'uburyo bushya bwo gusuzuma.

  Binyuze mu gutuma habaho gupima vuba, gutandukanya neza ibice by’umubiri, no kugenzura genome mu buryo bwihuse, iyi sosiyete igira uruhare runini mu gushimangira imyiteguro mpuzamahanga no guhangana n’indwara za mpox n’izindi ndwara zandura zigaragara.

  Amareferensi:

  [1] OMS. Raporo za Mpox ku Isi. Werurwe, 2026, Jeneve: Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima; 2026
  [2] OMS. Imicungire y'ubuvuzi no gukumira ubwandu bwa Mpox. Gicurasi 2025, Jeneve: Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima; 2025